Myopia Research & Citations
A curated collection of peer-reviewed studies and clinical trials that inform our evidence-based approach to myopia control. All sources are linked to PubMed for verification.
Global Prevalence & Projections
Studies on myopia rates worldwide and future projections
Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050
Holden BA, Fricke TR, Wilson DA, et al. • Ophthalmology • 2016
Landmark meta-analysis projecting that by 2050, approximately 4.8 billion people (49.8% of world population) will be myopic, with 938 million (9.8%) having high myopia. This represents a significant increase from 2000 levels of 22.9% and 2.7% respectively.
Myopia Prevalence and Risk Factors in Children
Morgan IG, French AN, Ashby RS, et al. • The Lancet • 2018
Comprehensive review of myopia epidemiology in children, identifying key risk factors including parental myopia, near work, limited outdoor time, and educational pressure.
Progression of Myopia in School-Age Children After COVID-19 Home Confinement
Wang J, Li Y, Musch DC, et al. • JAMA Ophthalmology • 2021
Study of 123,535 Chinese children showing significant increase in myopia prevalence during COVID-19 lockdowns. Children aged 6-8 years showed 1.4-3 times higher myopia prevalence in 2020 compared to previous years.
Risk Factors & Genetics
Studies on causes and genetic factors of myopia
Genome-Wide Meta-Analyses of Multiancestry Cohorts Identify Multiple New Susceptibility Loci for Refractive Error and Myopia
Tedja MS, Wojciechowski R, Hysi PG, et al. • Nature Genetics • 2019
Largest genetic study of myopia to date, identifying 161 genetic loci associated with refractive error. Provides insights into biological pathways involved in eye growth.
Time Outdoors and Myopia Prevention
Xiong S, Sankaridurg P, Naduvilath T, et al. • Ophthalmology • 2017
Meta-analysis of 7 studies confirming protective effect of outdoor time against myopia onset. Each additional hour of outdoor time per week reduced myopia risk by 2%.
Atropine Treatment Studies
Clinical trials on low-dose atropine for myopia control
ATOM 1 Study: Atropine for the Treatment of Childhood Myopia
Chua WH, Balakrishnan V, Chan YH, et al. • Ophthalmology • 2006
First major randomized controlled trial demonstrating that 1% atropine significantly slows myopia progression in children. However, side effects (photophobia, near blur) and rebound after cessation were noted.
ATOM 2 Study: Atropine for the Treatment of Myopia - 5-Year Results
Chia A, Lu QS, Tan D. • Ophthalmology • 2016
Five-year follow-up comparing 0.5%, 0.1%, and 0.01% atropine in 400 children. While higher concentrations showed greater initial efficacy, 0.01% atropine demonstrated the best long-term outcomes due to minimal rebound effect after cessation.
LAMP Study: Low-Concentration Atropine for Myopia Progression
Yam JC, Jiang Y, Tang SM, et al. • Ophthalmology • 2019
Randomized trial comparing 0.05%, 0.025%, and 0.01% atropine. Found 0.05% concentration provided optimal balance of efficacy and minimal side effects, with 67% reduction in myopia progression.
Orthokeratology Studies
Research on overnight corneal reshaping lenses
SMART Study: Stabilization of Myopia by Accelerated Reshaping Technique
Walline JJ, Jones LA, Sinnott LT. • Optometry and Vision Science • 2009
Early study demonstrating that orthokeratology can slow axial elongation in children compared to soft contact lens wear.
ROMIO Study: Retardation of Myopia in Orthokeratology
Cho P, Cheung SW. • Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science • 2012
Two-year randomized study showing 43% slower axial elongation in children wearing orthokeratology lenses compared to single-vision spectacles.
Long-term Effect of Orthokeratology on Axial Length Elongation
Hiraoka T, Kakita T, Okamoto F, et al. • Ophthalmology • 2012
Five-year study demonstrating sustained myopia control effect of orthokeratology, with 36% slower axial elongation compared to spectacle-wearing controls.
Soft Contact Lens Studies
Research on MiSight and other myopia control soft lenses
MiSight 1 Day Clinical Trial: 3-Year Results
Chamberlain P, Peixoto-de-Matos SC, Logan NS, et al. • Optometry and Vision Science • 2019
Pivotal 3-year randomized controlled trial that led to FDA approval of MiSight 1 day lenses. Demonstrated 59% reduction in myopia progression and 52% reduction in axial elongation.
DIMS Spectacle Lens for Myopia Control
Lam CSY, Tang WC, Tse DY, et al. • British Journal of Ophthalmology • 2020
Two-year study of Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments (DIMS) spectacle lenses showing 52% reduction in myopia progression compared to single-vision lenses.
Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews
Comprehensive reviews synthesizing multiple studies
Interventions to Slow Progression of Myopia in Children
Huang J, Wen D, Wang Q, et al. • Ophthalmology • 2016
Network meta-analysis of 30 randomized controlled trials comparing all major myopia control interventions. Found atropine most effective, followed by orthokeratology and peripheral defocus lenses.
Efficacy Comparison of Myopia Control Methods
Gong Q, Janowski M, Luo M, et al. • Ophthalmology • 2017
Systematic review and meta-analysis comparing efficacy of different myopia control strategies. Confirmed dose-dependent effect of atropine and comparable efficacy of orthokeratology.
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